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高超音速的轰鸣( 三 )


巨大的速度也打破了大气分子，从而在导弹周围不断产生等离子场，这会阻断GPS和其它制导信号。“研究人员依然没有完全掌握高超音速飞行的物理特性”美国空军科研办公室的Ivett Leyva在2017年的论文中指出。
The big powers have all made some progress in surmounting these challenges. Thomas Bussing, who heads missile development for Raytheon, an arms company, says there has been a “step change” over the past decade, thanks to advances in computational fluid dynamics, new materials and electronic and guidance systems. America, which set aside $2.6 bn for hypersonic weapons in the Pentagon’s 2020 budget, is probably farthest ahead. It tested a wedge shaped glider in 2010 and 2011, a more successful cone-shaped design in 2011, 2014 and 2017 (the Alternate Re-entry System) and is working on tactical systems that use smaller, cheaper rockets and could be launched from ships and aircraft.
各大组织围绕这些挑战都取得了一些成果。领导军工企业雷神的导弹研发工作的Thomas Bussing表示：在过去的十年中，得益于计算流体力学，新材料和制导系统的进步，（高超音速滑翔导弹技术）已经取得了阶段性的进展。五角大楼在2020年预算中为高超音速武器研发拨款26亿美元。美国在这一领域可能是遥遥领先。2010年和2011年，对楔形滑翔导弹进行了试验，2011，2014和2017年又设计了锥形滑翔导弹（交互式再入系统），也致力于使用更小更廉价火箭，并能够在军舰和飞机上发射的战术系统。
Russia has been working on hypersonics for decades, haltingly. Its flagship Avangard glider was flaunted publicly by President Vladimir Putin in March 2018 and tested to great fanfare in December, after which it was declared ready for service this year—somewhat implausibly, say experts. Pavel Podvig of the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research points out that very few of the glider’s tests were successful and that the programme was nearly shut down four years ago.
俄罗斯在几十年中也断断续续的研制高超音速武器。普京总统在2018年3月也高调宣扬其先进的“先锋”导弹，表示12月份开始批量生产，预计今年服役。尽管一些专家认为不可思议。联合国裁军研究院的Pavel Podvig指出，只有很少的滑翔导弹试验取得了成功，相关规划几乎在4年前停止了。
China has tested its own df-zf HGV at least nine times since 2014. Almost nothing is publicly known about its nimbleness or accuracy. Australia, India, France and Japan are all chasing the pack. “We have lost our technical advantage in hypersonics,” warned General Paul Selva, America’s highest-ranking air-force officer in January. China has built two to three times as many hypersonics-related facilities as America, including the world’s fastest wind tunnel for testing, and pumped out the most public research on the technology (716 publications in 2017, compared with 207 from America and 76 from Russia).
中国的东风-zf高超音速滑翔飞行器从2014年至少试验了9次。外界对其操控性和精度几乎一无所知。澳大利亚，印度和日本也在不断追赶。“我们已经失去了高超音速武器方面的优势”。美国空军高级别官员Paul Selva将军在1月份警告说。中国已经建立的高超音速相关设施是美国的2到3倍，这其中包括世界最快的试验风洞，数量最多的相关技术公开研究（2017年出版716件，相比美国是207，俄罗斯是76）
Even so, Mr Acton suggests that the Chinese programme is probably less advanced than America’s. For one thing, America is testing its gliders over significantly longer ranges than China is. It is also solving a different, harder, problem. America wants the ability to deliver conventional warheads over continental distances. It is because icbms are not accurate enough for this that it wants HGVs. Russia and China are keener on nuclear-tipped ones, partly because they fear their existing nukes might one day be stopped by improvements in America’s missile-defence shield. Their own gliders need not be so precise.
尽管如此，Acton认为中国的技术可能没有美国的先进。证据之一是，美国进行的试验射程明显比中国要长。同时，也攻克了一项技术难关。美国希望获得在洲际范围投射常规弹头的能力。研发HGV是同于洲际弹道导弹精度不够。而由于担心其现有核武器被美国导弹防御系统拦截，中国和俄罗斯更热衷于核弹头，因此，这两个国家的滑翔导弹对精度没有更高的需求。
Douglas Barrie, an expert at the International Institute for Strategic Studies, a think-tank, forecasts that hypersonic gliders are likely to start entering service in the early 2020s. The result might be twitchier decision-makers and a more frenzied battlefield.
Area defences, which guard broad swathes of territory like continental America, rely on shooting down missiles mid-course and on a straightforward trajectory. Gliders do not go as high and are less predictable, hence Mr Putin’s boast that the Avangard is “invulnerable to interception” (some reckon that interceptors placed in space might have a shot as super-hot gliders should stand out to infra-red sensors).

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